This article proposes a reading of the discrimination of the Muslim Arakanese, or Rohingyas, then of its actualization and extension to all Muslims, in particular by means of the ideology of the “Great replacement”. We will investigate the construction of the social relation of domination rooted in the religious and in the race-religion consubstantiality, which in its turn accounts for the definition of the radical otherness of the Muslim, in interaction with the formulation of an indigenous Burmese national identity.