To overcome the double disqualification conferred to human rights (abusive importation of an abstract universality, and boundless extension of the ou human rights ideology, it is necessary, considering the ambiguities inherent to their foundation, to define the conditions of their actual political effectiveness. Especially, at a time when they are rejected, in their principles, by political regimes which oppose claims of substantial identities (national, ethnic, religious or cultural) to them. Hence, it is necessary to analyze the nature of the democratic citizenship which makes them operative.