Seventeenth century French texts on possession have often been analysed by historians of religions and irreligion. This article tries to see how anthropology, seldom applied to modern European possession, may enlighten the Loudun’s possession case (1632-1637). It is the notions of “Performance” and “Social Drama” borrowed from Richard Schechner and Victor Turner’s theories that were used to open new research directions and to detect new points of view about female possession. It was also used to interpret the role of women as actresses of a social process.